Epidemiology, Classification, and Management of Acute Wounds in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Literature Review

The Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) conducted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia in 2018 found that the prevalence of injuries to the head and face reached 11.9%. This figure ranked third after injuries to the lower limbs (67.9%) and upper limbs (32.7%) (Riskesdas, 2018). Maxillofacial trauma is more common in men (59%) than women (41%). Maxillofacial trauma has a multifactorial etiology, such as traffic accidents, accidental falls, fighting, occupational accidents, sports injuries, and firearm injuries. Based on the mechanism of injury caused by blunt objects, maxillofacial trauma is divided into three groups, namely abrasion, contusion, and laceration. Based on the mechanism of injury caused by sharp objects it includes incision wounds, cut wounds, and stab wounds. In addition, maxillofacial trauma is also classified based on thermal trauma and chemical trauma. Management of maxillofacial trauma is done in stages, namely primary and secondary surveys. The principles of maxillofacial wound management include stopping bleeding, copious irrigation, antibiotic prophylaxis, tetanus vaccination, wound excision, wound closure, and reconstruction.