Role of interleukins' and its related signaling markers in oral cancer

Oral cancer (OC) is a prevalent malignant tumor causing uncontrolled cell proliferation in the oral cavity, accounting for 4% of all cancer cases worldwide and over 1,77,000 deaths annually. Factors contributing to OC include tobacco, smoking, alcohol consumption, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, malnutrition, chewing betel nuts, chronic oral infections, and poor oral hygiene. Chewing betel nuts releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) in saliva, causing neoplasm induction and genetic mutations. Despite advancements in scientific advancements, OC management remains unsatisfactory, requiring improved oral health and hygiene. Saliva, rich in enzymes, hormones, and immunoglobulins, is a promising source for diagnosing diseases like carcinoma and inflammation. Salivary biomarkers, particularly in head/neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), could be highly sensitive and specific for early detection, potentially improving clinical outcomes. Interleukins (IL) found in the tumor microenvironment control cell proliferation, survival, migration, and activation of immune cells. Inflammatory mediators like IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1 are central markers in OC. ILs are essential for early detection of OSCC, as they induce signaling pathways leading to metastasis and proliferation of OSCC cells. Despite advancements in diagnostic techniques, the prognosis for OC remains unfavorable, with five-year survival rates remaining below 50% in many cases.